Login Subscribe
    • Players/Parents
    • College Coaches
  • Choose Your State Middle School Coverage
    Alabama
    Arizona
    Arkansas
    California
    Canada
    Colorado
    Dakotas
    Florida
    Georgia
    Idaho
    Illinois
    Indiana
    Iowa
    Kansas
    Kentucky
    Louisiana
    Maryland
    Michigan
    Minnesota
    Mississippi
    Missouri
    Nebraska
    Nevada
    New England
    New Jersey
    New Mexico
    New York
    North Carolina
    Ohio
    Oklahoma
    Oregon
    Pennsylvania
    South Carolina
    Tennessee
    Texas
    Utah
    Virginia
    Washington
    West Virginia
    Wisconsin
  • Loading...
  • Loading...
  • Tournaments
    • 7 on 7 7 on 7
    Showcases
    • Stock Up Showcase Tour Stock Up Showcase Tour
    About Our Events
  • Prep Redzone for
    • Players
    • Parents
    • Club Coaches
    • High School Coaches
    • College Coaches
    • Fans
    View All Features
    • Coverage Access Prep Redzone articles year-round without ads.
    • Rankings See how players stack up in each state.
    • Player Profiles Build your own profile and join the Prep Redzone database.
    • Coach Views Get notified when a college coach views your profile.
    • Profile Trends Track your Player Profile views over time.
    • Recruiting Tasks Stay on-track in the recruiting process
    • Recruiting Dashboard All your recruiting tools in a single place.
    • College Match Recommends colleges that match with your profile.
    • Coach Contacts Contact any program in the country.
    • Event Credits Save $25 on all Prep Redzone combines.
    • Recruiting Tips Become an expert on the recruiting process.
    • College Email Templates Send customized emails directly to college coaches.
    • Scouts
    • How We Rank
    • About Us
  • Alabama
  • Rankings
    • How We Rank

    • Archived Rankings

    • 2026 Rankings

    • 2027 Rankings

    • 2028 Rankings

  • Player Database
  • Team Rankings
  • Scores
  • Scouts
  • Home
  • Coverage
      Choose Your State Middle School Coverage
      Alabama
      Arizona
      Arkansas
      California
      Canada
      Colorado
      Dakotas
      Florida
      Georgia
      Idaho
      Illinois
      Indiana
      Iowa
      Kansas
      Kentucky
      Louisiana
      Maryland
      Michigan
      Minnesota
      Mississippi
      Missouri
      Nebraska
      Nevada
      New England
      New Jersey
      New Mexico
      New York
      North Carolina
      Ohio
      Oklahoma
      Oregon
      Pennsylvania
      South Carolina
      Tennessee
      Texas
      Utah
      Virginia
      Washington
      West Virginia
      Wisconsin
  • Events
      Tournaments
      • 7 on 7 7 on 7
      Showcases
      • Stock Up Showcase Tour Stock Up Showcase Tour
      About Our Events
  • Rankings
      Loading...
  • Scores
      Loading...
  • Features
      Prep Redzone for
      • Players
      • Parents
      • Club Coaches
      • High School Coaches
      • College Coaches
      • Fans
      View All Features
      • Coverage Access Prep Redzone articles year-round without ads.
      • Rankings See how players stack up in each state.
      • Player Profiles Build your own profile and join the Prep Redzone database.
      • Coach Views Get notified when a college coach views your profile.
      • Profile Trends Track your Player Profile views over time.
      • Recruiting Tasks Stay on-track in the recruiting process
      • Recruiting Dashboard All your recruiting tools in a single place.
      • College Match Recommends colleges that match with your profile.
      • Coach Contacts Contact any program in the country.
      • Event Credits Save $25 on all Prep Redzone combines.
      • Recruiting Tips Become an expert on the recruiting process.
      • College Email Templates Send customized emails directly to college coaches.
  • About Us
      • Scouts
      • How We Rank
      • About Us
  • Support
Login Subscribe

Unstoppable Force: Alabama’s Next Generation of Linebacker Talent

Unstoppable Force: Alabama’s Next Generation of Linebacker Talent
CJ Marable
CJ Marable October 31, 2024 @ 10:57 AM
Facebook
X (Formerly Twitter)

In this article:

Walker Turner
Walker Turner 6'2" | 216 lbs | LB | 2026
AL
<!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Alabama high school football is known for producing fierce competitors and elite talent across all positions, but year after year, the state's linebacker corps stands out. From relentless tacklers to instinctive playmakers, Alabama's young linebackers embody strength, agility, and football IQ. This new generation is proving to be an unstoppable force on the field, blending traditional grit with modern versatility. In this report, we highlight some of the most promising linebacker talents across Alabama high schools—players who bring intensity, leadership, and a relentless drive to each game. These are the athletes to watch as they prepare to take their skills to the next level and continue Alabama's proud tradition of defensive excellence.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:acf/evaluation-block {"name":"acf/evaluation-block","data":{"player_evaluations_0_not_in_database":["not_in_db"],"_player_evaluations_0_not_in_database":"field_62aba48cecf2d","player_evaluations_0_player_details_selected_featured_image":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_selected_featured_image":"field_62cca28ffa4e7","player_evaluations_0_player_details_player_name":"Javion Madison","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_player_name":"field_62aba4c9ecf2f","player_evaluations_0_player_details_graduating_class":"2026","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_graduating_class":"field_62aba4ddecf30","player_evaluations_0_player_details_height":"5'10u0022","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_height":"field_62aba4e8ecf31","player_evaluations_0_player_details_weight":"196","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_weight":"field_65b288425ecf6","player_evaluations_0_player_details_position":"2496","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_position":"field_62aba4f0ecf32","player_evaluations_0_player_details_school":"Bessemer","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_school":"field_62aba4fdecf33","player_evaluations_0_player_details_club_team":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_club_team":"field_62d20e723441a","player_evaluations_0_player_details":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details":"field_62aba4afecf2e","player_evaluations":1,"_player_evaluations":"field_62aba7547dc44"},"mode":"preview","alignText":"left","anchor":"acf-block-6723a8df9aa51"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph {"placeholder":"Add evaluation here...","className":"text-gray-700"} --> <p class="text-gray-700">Javion Madison is a relentless linebacker with excellent tackling technique and agility that allows him to cover ground quickly. Known for his ability to read plays, Madison consistently finds himself in the right spot to stop the run or drop into coverage. He has a high football IQ, showing a knack for anticipating the quarterback's decisions and adjusting mid-play. His quick reflexes and aggressive play style make him a natural leader on the defense. Madison's explosive first step off the line gives him an edge when rushing the passer, making him a dual threat against both run and pass plays.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:acf/evaluation-block --> <!-- wp:acf/evaluation-block {"name":"acf/evaluation-block","data":{"player_evaluations_0_not_in_database":["not_in_db"],"_player_evaluations_0_not_in_database":"field_62aba48cecf2d","player_evaluations_0_player_details_selected_featured_image":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_selected_featured_image":"field_62cca28ffa4e7","player_evaluations_0_player_details_player_name":"[player_tooltip player_id='1645215' first='Walker' last='Turner']","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_player_name":"field_62aba4c9ecf2f","player_evaluations_0_player_details_graduating_class":"2026","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_graduating_class":"field_62aba4ddecf30","player_evaluations_0_player_details_height":"6'0u0022","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_height":"field_62aba4e8ecf31","player_evaluations_0_player_details_weight":"209","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_weight":"field_65b288425ecf6","player_evaluations_0_player_details_position":"2496","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_position":"field_62aba4f0ecf32","player_evaluations_0_player_details_school":"Enterprise HS","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_school":"field_62aba4fdecf33","player_evaluations_0_player_details_club_team":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_club_team":"field_62d20e723441a","player_evaluations_0_player_details":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details":"field_62aba4afecf2e","player_evaluations":1,"_player_evaluations":"field_62aba7547dc44"},"mode":"preview","alignText":"left","anchor":"acf-block-6723a8df9ab52"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph {"placeholder":"Add evaluation here...","className":"text-gray-700"} --> <p class="text-gray-700">[player_tooltip player_id='1645215' first='Walker' last='Turner'] stands out for his impressive strength and power, making him a formidable presence in the linebacker position. His size and physicality enable him to shed blocks effectively, allowing him to disrupt plays in the backfield. Turner's high motor and relentless pursuit of the ball carrier make him a force against the run game. Known for his disciplined approach, he rarely misses his assignments and maintains a strong focus throughout each play. His hard-hitting style of play makes him a tough competitor who can shift momentum for his team with game-changing tackles.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:acf/evaluation-block --> <!-- wp:acf/evaluation-block {"name":"acf/evaluation-block","data":{"player_evaluations_0_not_in_database":["not_in_db"],"_player_evaluations_0_not_in_database":"field_62aba48cecf2d","player_evaluations_0_player_details_selected_featured_image":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_selected_featured_image":"field_62cca28ffa4e7","player_evaluations_0_player_details_player_name":"Tucker Woodham","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_player_name":"field_62aba4c9ecf2f","player_evaluations_0_player_details_graduating_class":"2026","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_graduating_class":"field_62aba4ddecf30","player_evaluations_0_player_details_height":"null","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_height":"field_62aba4e8ecf31","player_evaluations_0_player_details_weight":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_weight":"field_65b288425ecf6","player_evaluations_0_player_details_position":"2496","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_position":"field_62aba4f0ecf32","player_evaluations_0_player_details_school":"Ariton Highschool ","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_school":"field_62aba4fdecf33","player_evaluations_0_player_details_club_team":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_club_team":"field_62d20e723441a","player_evaluations_0_player_details":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details":"field_62aba4afecf2e","player_evaluations":1,"_player_evaluations":"field_62aba7547dc44"},"mode":"preview","alignText":"left","anchor":"acf-block-6723a8df9ac37"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph {"placeholder":"Add evaluation here...","className":"text-gray-700"} --> <p class="text-gray-700">Tucker Woodham brings a high level of versatility to the linebacker position, with the ability to play both inside and outside. His excellent lateral movement and speed make him highly effective in sideline-to-sideline pursuit, often stopping plays before they reach the perimeter. Woodham's instincts and awareness on the field allow him to quickly diagnose plays, making him a standout in coverage against short and intermediate routes. His physicality and sound tackling mechanics ensure that he rarely lets opponents break free. As a vocal leader, he sets the tone for his team and is known for his unwavering commitment to each play.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:acf/evaluation-block --> <!-- wp:acf/evaluation-block {"name":"acf/evaluation-block","data":{"player_evaluations_0_not_in_database":["not_in_db"],"_player_evaluations_0_not_in_database":"field_62aba48cecf2d","player_evaluations_0_player_details_selected_featured_image":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_selected_featured_image":"field_62cca28ffa4e7","player_evaluations_0_player_details_player_name":"EJ Kerley Jr","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_player_name":"field_62aba4c9ecf2f","player_evaluations_0_player_details_graduating_class":"2026","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_graduating_class":"field_62aba4ddecf30","player_evaluations_0_player_details_height":"5'10u0022","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_height":"field_62aba4e8ecf31","player_evaluations_0_player_details_weight":"210","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_weight":"field_65b288425ecf6","player_evaluations_0_player_details_position":"2496","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_position":"field_62aba4f0ecf32","player_evaluations_0_player_details_school":"Spain Park ","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_school":"field_62aba4fdecf33","player_evaluations_0_player_details_club_team":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_club_team":"field_62d20e723441a","player_evaluations_0_player_details":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details":"field_62aba4afecf2e","player_evaluations":1,"_player_evaluations":"field_62aba7547dc44"},"mode":"preview","alignText":"left","anchor":"acf-block-6723a8df9acff"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph {"placeholder":"Add evaluation here...","className":"text-gray-700"} --> <p class="text-gray-700">EJ Kerley Jr. is an aggressive linebacker with a natural ability to disrupt the backfield and apply pressure on the quarterback. His acceleration and timing when blitzing make him a constant threat to opposing offenses. Kerley has a keen awareness of his surroundings, helping him avoid blockers and close in on the ball carrier with precision. He combines athleticism with discipline, rarely overcommitting, and ensuring he's always in a position to make the tackle. His energy and enthusiasm elevate the entire defense, making him a key player in high-stakes moments.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:acf/evaluation-block --> <!-- wp:acf/evaluation-block {"name":"acf/evaluation-block","data":{"player_evaluations_0_not_in_database":["not_in_db"],"_player_evaluations_0_not_in_database":"field_62aba48cecf2d","player_evaluations_0_player_details_selected_featured_image":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_selected_featured_image":"field_62cca28ffa4e7","player_evaluations_0_player_details_player_name":"Roderick Green","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_player_name":"field_62aba4c9ecf2f","player_evaluations_0_player_details_graduating_class":"2026","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_graduating_class":"field_62aba4ddecf30","player_evaluations_0_player_details_height":"5'8u0022","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_height":"field_62aba4e8ecf31","player_evaluations_0_player_details_weight":"191","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_weight":"field_65b288425ecf6","player_evaluations_0_player_details_position":"2496","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_position":"field_62aba4f0ecf32","player_evaluations_0_player_details_school":"Dadeville","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_school":"field_62aba4fdecf33","player_evaluations_0_player_details_club_team":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_club_team":"field_62d20e723441a","player_evaluations_0_player_details":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details":"field_62aba4afecf2e","player_evaluations":1,"_player_evaluations":"field_62aba7547dc44"},"mode":"preview","alignText":"left","anchor":"acf-block-6723a8df9adc5"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph {"placeholder":"Add evaluation here...","className":"text-gray-700"} --> <p class="text-gray-700">Roderick Green is a highly athletic linebacker known for his quick reaction time and sharp football instincts. His speed enables him to track down ball carriers from any angle, making him a reliable defender against both the run and the pass. Green has the versatility to play multiple linebacker roles, allowing his team to adapt their defense based on the situation. His footwork and fluidity in coverage make him a challenge for opposing quarterbacks targeting the middle of the field. Known for his work ethic, Green is a coachable player who continuously improves his game.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:acf/evaluation-block --> <!-- wp:acf/evaluation-block {"name":"acf/evaluation-block","data":{"player_evaluations_0_not_in_database":["not_in_db"],"_player_evaluations_0_not_in_database":"field_62aba48cecf2d","player_evaluations_0_player_details_selected_featured_image":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_selected_featured_image":"field_62cca28ffa4e7","player_evaluations_0_player_details_player_name":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_player_name":"field_62aba4c9ecf2f","player_evaluations_0_player_details_graduating_class":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_graduating_class":"field_62aba4ddecf30","player_evaluations_0_player_details_height":"null","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_height":"field_62aba4e8ecf31","player_evaluations_0_player_details_weight":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_weight":"field_65b288425ecf6","player_evaluations_0_player_details_position":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_position":"field_62aba4f0ecf32","player_evaluations_0_player_details_school":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_school":"field_62aba4fdecf33","player_evaluations_0_player_details_club_team":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_club_team":"field_62d20e723441a","player_evaluations_0_player_details":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details":"field_62aba4afecf2e","player_evaluations":1,"_player_evaluations":"field_62aba7547dc44"},"mode":"preview","alignText":"left","anchor":"acf-block-6723a8df9ae98"} /--> <!-- wp:acf/evaluation-block {"name":"acf/evaluation-block","data":{"player_evaluations_0_not_in_database":["not_in_db"],"_player_evaluations_0_not_in_database":"field_62aba48cecf2d","player_evaluations_0_player_details_selected_featured_image":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_selected_featured_image":"field_62cca28ffa4e7","player_evaluations_0_player_details_player_name":"Nehemiah Drummonds","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_player_name":"field_62aba4c9ecf2f","player_evaluations_0_player_details_graduating_class":"2026","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_graduating_class":"field_62aba4ddecf30","player_evaluations_0_player_details_height":"5'6u0022","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_height":"field_62aba4e8ecf31","player_evaluations_0_player_details_weight":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_weight":"field_65b288425ecf6","player_evaluations_0_player_details_position":"2496","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_position":"field_62aba4f0ecf32","player_evaluations_0_player_details_school":"Beauregard high school ","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_school":"field_62aba4fdecf33","player_evaluations_0_player_details_club_team":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details_club_team":"field_62d20e723441a","player_evaluations_0_player_details":"","_player_evaluations_0_player_details":"field_62aba4afecf2e","player_evaluations":1,"_player_evaluations":"field_62aba7547dc44"},"mode":"preview","alignText":"left","anchor":"acf-block-6723a8df9af91"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph {"placeholder":"Add evaluation here...","className":"text-gray-700"} --> <p class="text-gray-700">Nehemiah Drummonds is a physically imposing linebacker who brings both power and finesse to the position. His ability to take on blockers and fight through traffic makes him a valuable asset against the run. Drummonds shows excellent awareness and patience, waiting for the play to develop before attacking, which helps prevent missed tackles. His strong hands and tackling technique ensure that he brings down opponents on first contact. As a vocal leader, Drummonds is a natural motivator, instilling confidence and intensity in his teammates every time he steps onto the field.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:acf/evaluation-block -->

Alabama high school football is known for producing fierce competitors and elite talent across all positions, but year after year, the state's linebacker corps stands out. From relentless tacklers to instinctive playmakers, Alabama's young linebackers embody strength, agility, and football IQ. This new generation is proving to be an unstoppable force on the field, blending traditional grit with modern versatility. In this report, we highlight some of the most promising linebacker talents across Alabama high schools—players who bring intensity, leadership, and a relentless drive to each game. These are the athletes to watch as they prepare to take their skills to the next level and continue Alabama's proud tradition of defensive excellence.

Javion Madison

Javion Madison

HEIGHT 5'10"
WEIGHT 196
POS LB
CLASS 2026

Javion Madison

School: Bessemer
Subscribe below to view this player's evaluation
<span class="pn-tooltip pn-player-link">
        <span class="name-pointer">Unstoppable Force: Alabama’s Next Generation of Linebacker Talent</span>
        <span class="info-box not-prose" style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(193,25,32, 0.95) 0%,rgba(193,25,32, 1) 100%)">
            <a href="https://prepredzone.com/2024/10/unstoppable-force-alabamas-next-generation-of-linebacker-talent/" class="link-wrap">
                                    <span class="player-img"><img src="https://prepredzone.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/10/oFH9FPUE_400x400.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1" alt="Unstoppable Force: Alabama’s Next Generation of Linebacker Talent"></span>
                
                <span class="player-details">
                    <span class="first-name">Unstoppable</span>
                    <span class="last-name">Force: Alabama’s Next Generation of Linebacker Talent</span>
                    <span class="measurables">
                                            </span>
                                    </span>
                <span class="player-rank">
                                                        </span>
                                    <span class="state-abbr"></span>
                            </a>

                    </span>
    </span>

Walker Turner Walker Turner 6'2" | 216 lbs | LB Enterprise | 2026 State AL

HEIGHT 6'0"
WEIGHT 209
POS LB
CLASS 2026

Walker Turner Walker Turner 6'2" | 216 lbs | LB Enterprise | 2026 State AL

School: Enterprise HS
Subscribe below to view this player's evaluation
Tucker Woodham

Tucker Woodham

POS LB
CLASS 2026

Tucker Woodham

School: Ariton Highschool
Subscribe below to view this player's evaluation
EJ Kerley Jr

EJ Kerley Jr

HEIGHT 5'10"
WEIGHT 210
POS LB
CLASS 2026

EJ Kerley Jr

School: Spain Park
Subscribe below to view this player's evaluation
Roderick Green

Roderick Green

HEIGHT 5'8"
WEIGHT 191
POS LB
CLASS 2026

Roderick Green

School: Dadeville
Subscribe below to view this player's evaluation
Nehemiah Drummonds

Nehemiah Drummonds

HEIGHT 5'6"
POS LB
CLASS 2026

Nehemiah Drummonds

School: Beauregard high school
Subscribe below to view this player's evaluation
Prep Redzone

Access all of Prep Redzone

Continue reading this article and more.

Continue Reading
Already a subscriber? Log in

Rankings

342 Players Ranked

  • 1
    Cederian Morgan

    Cederian Morgan

    Benjamin Russell

  • 2
    Ezavier Crowell

    Ezavier Crowell

    Jackson

  • 3
    Landon Duckworth

    Landon Duckworth

    Jackson

    South Carolina
  • 4
    Anthony Jones

    Anthony Jones

    St. Paul's Episcopal

  • 5
    Kamhariyan Johnson

    Kamhariyan Johnson

    Muscle Shoals

View Full Rankings

Related Articles

  • Film Room Finds: Under-the-Radar Defenders Dominating in Week 8

    Film Room Finds: Under-the-Radar Defenders Dominating in Week 8

    Josh White • October 17

  • Evaluating Recent October GO5/FCS Commitments

    Evaluating Recent October GO5/FCS Commitments

    Connor Jackson • October 16

  • Friday Night Highlights: QBs and RBs Shine Across the State

    Friday Night Highlights: QBs and RBs Shine Across the State

    CJ Marable • October 15

  • Midseason Report- 5 New Talented Prospects On Our Radar

    Midseason Report- 5 New Talented Prospects On Our Radar

    Cooper Morreale • October 15

  • Fall IDs: 5 Traitsy Alabama 2027 DBs

    Fall IDs: 5 Traitsy Alabama 2027 DBs

    Connor Jackson • October 15

Follow Us

  • Rion Young

    Rion Young

    @MacCorleone74

  • CJ Marable

    CJ Marable

    @TorranceMarable

  • Cooper Morreale

    Cooper Morreale

    @CooperMorreale

  • Austin Butler

    Austin Butler

    @__AustinButler

  • Josh White

    Josh White

    @ceojxsh_

  • Cole Dobbins

    Cole Dobbins

    @ColeDobbinsPRZ

Loading...
Home Alabama Unstoppable Force: Alabama’s Next Generation of Linebacker Talent

Prep Network

  • Prep Network
  • Prep Dig
  • Prep Girls Hoops
  • Prep Hoops
  • Prep Lacrosse
  • Prep Redzone
  • Prep Soccer
  • Prep Softball

Company

  • News
  • About
  • Careers
  • Store
  • Partner Interest Form

Resources

  • Terms of Service
  • Privacy Policy
  • Accessibility
  • Cookie Policy
  • NCSA College Recruiting
  • Recruiting Tips
  • Student Loan Resources
  • College Scholarship Search

Support

  • My Account
  • Contact
  • Sitemap

© 2025 Prep Redzone. All rights reserved.